2025.findings-naacl.207@ACL

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#1 Thought2Text: Text Generation from EEG Signal using Large Language Models (LLMs) [PDF] [Copy] [Kimi] [REL]

Authors: Abhijit Mishra, Shreya Shukla, Jose Torres, Jacek Gwizdka, Shounak Roychowdhury

Decoding and expressing brain activity in a comprehensible form is a challenging frontier in AI. This paper presents *Thought2Text*, which uses instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) fine-tuned with EEG data to achieve this goal. The approach involves three stages: (1) training an EEG encoder for visual feature extraction, (2) fine-tuning LLMs on image and text data, enabling multimodal description generation, and (3) further fine-tuning on EEG embeddings to generate text directly from EEG during inference. Experiments on a public EEG dataset collected for six subjects with image stimuli and text captions demonstrate the efficacy of multimodal LLMs (*LLaMA-v3*, *Mistral-v0.3*, *Qwen2.5*), validated using traditional language generation evaluation metrics, as well as *fluency* and *adequacy* measures. This approach marks a significant advancement towards portable, low-cost “thoughts-to-text” technology with potential applications in both neuroscience and natural language processing.

Subject: NAACL.2025 - Findings